Traditional Russian icons are executed in egg tempera on wood, following a codified technical process refined over centuries.
After preparing the wooden panel, a layer of cloth (pavoloka) is applied before successive layers of levkas are laid and polished to create a stable painting surface.
Pigments traditionally include cinnabar, azurite, malachite, ochres and lapis lazuli. These mineral substances produce tonal depth and subtle luminosity through natural crystalline properties.
Flesh tones are constructed through the classical sequence of sankir underpainting followed by progressive highlights. This layered structure produces optical vibration rather than flat coloration.
Gilding, applied over red bole and burnished, symbolizes divine light. Its theological meaning is inseparable from its material execution.
Understanding technique allows the distinction between traditional workshop production and later imitations.